A Startling Fact about Scholarship Essays Examples about Yourself Uncovered

A Startling Fact about Scholarship Essays Examples about Yourself Uncovered Here's What I Know About Scholarship Essays Examples about Yourself Every student demands help with homework from time to time. This scholarship could offset a few of the costs and decrease my workload for a whole. The scholarships you find are likely to fit into specific themes that you must have the ability to identify as a way to save your family time, frustration, stress, and above all money. That means you can be ensured of great scholarship essay examples. Scholarship essay prompts are extremely tricky, so you ought to read and re-read it multiple times to spot key themes. It is not a paper where you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. What's a scholarship essay. Keep in mind your introduction, the very first paragraph of an essay, needs to be short and catchy. For me, writing essays isn't an easy job. The way the essay is written will predict the writers knowledge on a particular topic. It's a fact that the length of an essay is dependent on the subject. Write an outline, creating a list of the crucial features you are ready to include to the text. Essay writing should involve a crystal clear grasp of the concerned undertaking. When these essays may appear to be a little step toward your future, they're a step nonetheless. Both examples handle the exact theme (sick parent) but utilize various approaches. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Scholarship Essays Examples about Yourself Even though this kind of essay should only be 250 words long, you should organize your ideas ahead of time. By the close of the essay, the reader needs to have a complete comprehension of who you are and what you would like to accomplish. When you inform u s about all of the paper information, we'll begin trying to find an appropriate writer for your paper. You have to know the objective of your scholarship before writing the piece. Also, you're ready to purchase essay online cheap in the event of time lack. Having us to fix any of the issues that you may face when coming up with scholarship essay topics will be advisable for you. Unfortunately, my story isn't one of a sort. Write an anecdote, a quote, an intriguing fact or a story from your private life to illustrate what you are likely to write about later on. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. Essays are often necessary for scholarship applications. Scholarship essays shouldn't be considered a burden since they are your gateway to land entrance into a prestigious university with a great deal of benefits and perks that have the scholarship. For your college scholarship essay, you might be asked about your career objectives. Finding out how to compose an ideal scholarship essay is the trick to winning handsome scholarships. Instead, mention the way your education can assist your career. If you've already graduated from college or university and are looking for a very good job, you will need to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. The Demise of Scholarship Essays Examples about Yourself Your CV is the initial step for your fantasy job as it's the first issue to be noticed by the recruiters and by thinking about the different CVs they shortlist the candidates from a range of applications they've attained. Hands-on experience is the best teaching mechanism an individual can employ through life. There's nobody approach to compose a winning scholarship application. Essay writing is believed to be an extremely significant part academic life that a student can't overlook. Such essays are from time to time written in a series so they cover the whole scope of the theme. In some instances, you might find it challenging to compose as a result of inadequate abilities, and thus a sample winning scholarship essays would provide the guidance you demand. That means you can order for our high school scholarship essay examples without needing to be concerned about your private details. A scholarship essay is a significant document which is used in the processes of scholarship application. It is a good idea to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive prices. Bear in mind, on the exterior of the envelope, list the name of the particular scholarship you're inquiring about.

America s Violent History The United States - 3321 Words

The homicide rate in the United States has fluctuated over the country’s history, but it remains significantly higher than the rest of the supposedly civilized world. From the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century, homicide rates fell in every Western nation other than the Untied States. What is most interesting about America’s violent history is 1) that the Southern states are astronomically more violent than the rest of the United States and 2) there is little certainty or agreement about the sources and causes of the persistent regional differences in violent behavior. â€Å"Scholars from a broad range of disciplines, writing about the past as well as the present, have demonstrated that rates of violence have been consistently higher in the South† Adler. That violence has, at various times, been blamed on the Southern â€Å"code of honor†, race relations, legal institutions, rural environments, social darwinism, and the political and economic up heaval of the time, among others. Explanations for Southern violence have never been lackingAyers and while most of these explanations contain a small element of truth, their validity is lessened by insufficient ways of analyzing patterns in Southern violence. Most explanations are guilty of the oversimplification of a complex problem. Industrialization did not have the same affects in the South as it did in the North. While the North had become the metropolitan land of opportunity, the postwar South had remained rural andShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Second Amendment853 Words   |  4 Pagestaking us over, that is why Americans were allowed to have a gun, in case we need to call up the militia, but those days are over. Horrendous policies and politicians looking out for themselves, taking donation from weapons companies has lead to America having an extremely high gun crime rate. American’s have an abundance of gun related issues due to inadequate restrictions, insuffic ient political support, and the media’s influence. A change needs to be made in the form of restrictions, and new policiesRead MoreThe Problem Of Gun Control881 Words   |  4 Pagesproblem in the United States The ownership of firearm became legally in United States since their second amendment of the constitution enacted in 1791. It seems a symbol of the right to freedom, however, it has also brought a great convenience to criminals. The gun shooting accident are repeatedly happening in United States each year and lots of innocent people get hurt. What more serious is, the number of such tragedies are continuing increase. Many people living in the United States are worried aboutRead MoreGrowing Phenomenon Of Violence At The Workplace Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion incidents of workplace violence occur in the United States of America (Perline Goldschmidst, 2004). The workplace violence cost the country s economy nearly seventy billion dollars annually and over sixty-four billion due to loss of productivity. Workplace violence caught the nation s attention in the late 1980s, and since then awareness has increased steadily. However, nearly 70 percent of businesses in the United Sta tes of America have no policy to address workplace violence. Thus makingRead More The Natural Violence of Human Nature as Shown Through the Epic Beowulf868 Words   |  4 PagesThe Natural Violence of Human Nature as Shown Through the Epic Beowulf Violence is the way of the game in the world of Beowulf. It is how things get done. It is what people care about. The songs in the Mead Hall are all sung of the great violent epics that took place in the times long gone. When there is no violence that can be perpetrated, these cultures tell stories of violence, so as to release this need for aggression that is somewhere deep with in them. This is in many ways like theRead MoreIrish Stereotypes in the 1800s961 Words   |  4 PagesIrish Stereotyping In The Late 1800’s Published in Puck, America’s first successful comedic magazine containing several types of cartoons, on June 26, 1889 a cartoon entitled â€Å"The Mortar Of Assimilation And The One Element That Just Won’t Mix† clearly shows an Irishman rebelling against the rest of the American crowd with a knife in his hand, expressing violence, and possibly alcoholism. Through further research I found that how poorly the Irish were treated during this time period. The cartoonRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War was one of the most deadly wars in history, taking over three million lives during the 20-year war. It began in the mid 50’s, between Northern and Southern Vietnam. The United States joined the Vietnam War in 1965, and by 1969 there were about 500,000 U.S. soldiers involved with the war. The war began to slow down in ‘73 when President Nixon pulled the American troops, and the long hard war ended in 1975 after the Co mmunists seized control. The Vietnam war was considered wrongRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Movement1594 Words   |  7 Pageslegitimate to resort to violence in politics? Reference to black power movement in American Civil Rights Movement. Violence is a physical force intended to hurt someone. Politics is a platform where the wellbeing is thought for the citizens and in America the politics and laws have been placed in order for the betterment of the American citizens. In this essay I will unravel many factors arguing whether violence is legitimate or whether it is a mean that is necessary to a more equal nation mostly focusingRead Moretask 31185 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment (History, 2010). India organized to become independent around 1915. This was a largely non-violent movement led by the Indian Nation Congress and a man named Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi was an educated Indian who practiced law abroad in Africa and Asia. He witnessed imperial rule making mother countries rich at the expense of indigenous populations. Gandhi returned to India with goals of uniting the Indian Muslim and Hindu populations and obtaining Indian independence (History, 2010). Read MoreThe Necessary Solutions For Gun Violence1494 Words   |  6 Pagestime there is no stopping the public from witnessing the day to day violence across America. It floods the daily news, it scrolls past our eyes through our smartphone screens, it blares through our stereos, and it’s published in our newspapers and magazines. As humans, in this day and age prosper where bad news is never hidden from the media. It is recognized all the time, the thoughts of violence crossing one s path never settling just right in in the stomach. People live to assume they are merelyRead MoreThe American Dream Of African Americans1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the American Dream? To many people across the globe, the United States of America appears to be a place where one can be proud of. America the land where dreams come true and there is always a chance for any person to succeed. People who are not from the United States have been painted a beautiful picture of what life in our co untry is like. Not only do they think that there is a special place in American Dream of African American soldiers after WWI American Dream of African American soldiers

Psychosocial Care in Reproductive Technology - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePsychosocial Care in Reproductive Technology for Patients. Answer: Pre-requisites for the treatment of patients: The people dealing with psychological issues need assistance, that can be categorized in a wide range, it requires the clinician to have good skills of communication. In the clinics that deal with infertility the skills for communication should be with added support and empathy to the patients (Huppelschoten et al. 2012). The patients who are infertile are generally under stress, mental support helps them to get over the situation. Psychological and social care are of major importance, it should implement various ways of nursing that include psychological and social care type (Fisher et al. 2013). Pre-treatment period is referred to the time between the first visit of the patient to the clinic to the time of initiation of treatment. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is an example. Certain needs of the sufferers should be commemorated before initiation of the treatment (Gameiro et al. 2015). The identification of the patients problem and is of significance. Detection of the patients needs: The psychological patients deal with multiple disorders at the same time, providing the patients with the requirements that they have, particularly need to be estimated by giving them a comfortable environment. The patients should be give opportunities to elaborately discuss their issues. Post- treatment needs of patients: The patients should be given quality advices in association with the needed support as most of the time infertile people are under meager support of the clinicians. The presence of various emotions however is found to be high between the caregivers and patients. Addressing the requirement of the patients: Many of the patients do not get pregnant post IVF treatment. This raises depression and anxiety among them, counselling by the nurse is significant (Bayer, Alper, and Penzias 2017). Referencing: Bayer, S.R., Alper, M.M. and Penzias, A.S. eds., 2017.The Boston IVF handbook of infertility: a practical guide for practitioners who care for infertile couples. CRC Press. Fisher, J., Wynter, K., Hammarberg, K., McBain, J., Gibson, F., Boivin, J. and McMahon, C., 2013. Age, mode of conception, health service use and pregnancy health: a prospective cohort study of Australian women.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,13(1), p.88. Gameiro, S., Boivin, J., Dancet, E., de Klerk, C., Emery, M., Lewis-Jones, C., Thorn, P., Van den Broeck, U., Venetis, C., Verhaak, C.M. and Wischmann, T., 2015. ESHRE guideline: routine psychosocial care in infertility and medically assisted reproductiona guide for fertility staff.Human Reproduction,30(11), pp.2476-2485. Huppelschoten, A.G., van Duijnhoven, N.T., Hermens, R.P., Verhaak, C., Kremer, J.A. and Nelen, W.L., 2012. Improving patient-centeredness of fertility care using a multifaceted approach: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.Trials,13(1), p.175.

The ways Steinbeck creates dislike of and sympathy for Curley’s wife in his novel “Of Mice and Men” Essay Essay Example

The ways Steinbeck creates dislike of and sympathy for Curley’s wife in his novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Essay Paper ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a short novel by John Steinbeck. which is set in 1930s America. At this clip in American History they were enduring from a difficult striking economic depression. This book is set on a spread in Soledad. California. Throughout this novelette. Steinbeck addresses cardinal subject. for illustration favoritism. solitariness and the American Dream. Curley’s married woman is a complex character. She is the lone adult female on the spread. Curley’s married woman is used as a secret plan device by Steinbeck to research subjects like favoritism and attitudes toward adult females in the 1930s. Although. she is thought of as a ‘tart’ at the beginning. throughout the novel we develop our sentiment of Curley’s married woman. Steinbeck introduces us to Curley’s married woman through the sentiment of Candy. His positions and sentiments are misogynous. when he calls her a ‘tart’ . doing the reader prejudiced tow ards Curley’s married woman before we even meet her. Candy references that she ‘got the eye’ explicating that she is being coquettish and immoral as we are told that she is flirt with other work forces directly after we are told that she married to Curley. We will write a custom essay sample on The ways Steinbeck creates dislike of and sympathy for Curley’s wife in his novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The ways Steinbeck creates dislike of and sympathy for Curley’s wife in his novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The ways Steinbeck creates dislike of and sympathy for Curley’s wife in his novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Candy makes us expect her entryway ‘Wait boulder clay you see Curley’s wife’ . Steinbeck uses this technique to do the reader want to read on and happen out more. When Curley’s married woman is foremost introduced we gain a colored feeling from her description ‘She wore a cotton house frock and ruddy mules’ reenforcing our original sentiment of a ‘tart’ . The vesture she wears is besides incongruous on a on the job spread and expensive during the economic depression demoing that she wants to affect. She is high care as ‘She had full roughed lips and wide-spaced eyes. to a great extent made up’ screening to the reader that she has to look perfect before go forthing the house and needs to look reasonably to the work forces. Steinbeck to the full describes the actions of Curley’s married woman. This shows physical awareness the work forces have towards her. ‘She put her custodies behind her back and leaned ag ainst the door frame so that her organic structure was thrown forward’ Steinbeck’s description of Curley’s married woman actions is non merely to depict the men’s physical consciousness of the character but to demo the despair of Curley’s married woman and other adult females in the 1930s. Throughout the address between George and Curley’s married woman. she doesn’t sustain oculus contact. ‘She looked at her fingernails’ this implies that she is seeking to chat up with her eyes. This usage of organic structure linguistic communication is in a coquettish and provocative manner. When Curley’s married woman enters ‘The rectangle of sunlight in the door manner is cut off’ Steinbeck uses this barricading visible radiation to propose that Curley’s married woman is an obstruction. to Lennie’s and George’s ‘light’ which is mentioning to their dream. This means we do non like Curley’s married woman as she poses a menace. The fact that George calls Curley’s married woman ‘tramp’ makes us instantly dislike her as we trust George’s sentiments. As her visual aspect is described foremost this suggests that others judge her on the manner she looks and her visual aspect i s regarded as her most of import characteristic. This thought is developed through Curley’s wife’s gender which is apparent in her obvious flirtation when she moves so that ‘her organic structure was thrown forward’ and speaks ‘playfully’ . Through Curley’s married woman actions. Steinbeck suggests that her gender is the lone signifier of power she has and is the lone manner she knows to derive attending. The first entryway for Curley’s married woman lives up to and corroborate the feelings created by Candy. Although ab initio we believe what Candy said. as the novelette progresses more of her character is revealed. When Slim finds Curley’s married woman. at the terminal of her first entryway ‘She was all of a sudden apprehensive’ which could propose that Curley’s married woman is scared of Curley and suggests that he is aggressive towards her associating to the subject of force. The reader is discerning of Curley’s married woman and the harm she may do. The work forces of the spread think she is ‘jailbait’ . and they are scared that they may lose their occupation. The reader agrees with what the work forces on the spread think as she may take to the ruin of George and Lennie. At this point in the novel. Curley’s married woman is seen with disdain and there is small sympathy for her. The repeat of the coloring material ‘red’ suggests danger and passion. supported by similarities between her and the miss in Weed. Not merel y is Curley’s married woman described as a streetwalker. but besides as endangering. When she enters the barn where Crook and Candy are. they are both afraid and ‘were scowling down off from her eyes’ this bar of oculus contact could be seen that she is exercising power over the work forces. She exercises her power by endangering to hang Crooks. ‘I could acquire you stung up on a tree so easy’ . this links to the subject of force as she acts nastily and cruelly which reflects the societal hierarchy of the clip. She goes from being bullied by the work forces to strong-arming the ‘weak ones’ . Curley’s married woman gets frustrated by their unresponsive behavior towards her. She is used to foreground the racialist society and to demo the position of black people at that clip in America. The reader possibly discerning toward Curley’s Wife. yet it is obvious that she may be lonely. Curley’s married woman has excessively much clip on her custodies ‘Her face was to a great extent made up’ this is shown by how much do up she is ever have oning. None of the work forces on the spread will speak to her as they are scared that they may be tempted ‘Maybe you better travel along to your ain house now’ The ground they don’t talk to her is that they are scared that they could acquire into problem with Curley. Steinbeck does this to demo how stray adult females were in the 1930s. Even though Curley’s married woman has merely been married two hebdomad we get told that Curley is at the ‘Cat house’ and isn’t w ith his new married woman with would propose that he has no clip for her and a deficiency of love. When she is in the barn with Crooks. Candy and Lennie ‘talkin’ to a clump of bindle stiffs –a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a icky ol’ sheep- an ‘liken’ it because they ain’t cipher else’ this show she will travel to great lengths to speak to person and will even speak to the ‘weak ones’ when cipher is about. When she is entirely in the barn with Lennie. she expresses her solitariness ‘I get atrocious lonely’ she does this to derive understanding from the reader. although she is stating the one individual who won’t understand what she is stating. Curley’s married woman is the lone adult females on the spread and this could associate to her solitariness. This links to one of Steinbeck subject. solitariness and how Curley’s married woman being female agencies that she is invariably segregated and isolated because of her gender. As the reader reads on we start to gain that Curley’s married woman isn’t what we expected. We start to see that she is more of a victim. Her name Curley’s married woman suggest that she is a ownership of Curley’s ‘Curley’s is even cockier’n of all time since he got married’ this suggest that she is something that Curley can demo off to the other work forces on the spread. Besides Slims Canis familiaris and Aunt Clara all have name but Curley’s married woman doesn’t which even more suggests that she is object in society. She is besides married to Curley who isn’t spends his Saturday eventide in the ‘Cat houseà ¢â‚¬â„¢ which does propose that Curley has no love for his new married woman. Curley’s married woman has an unconditioned apprehension of society. She understands her places and knows what she can and can’t do. ‘nobody’d listen to you’ they are all incapacitated as society is rough and what Curley’s married woman says applies to all of them in the barn. Curley’s married woman is merely coquettish and average to work forces because it is the lone manner she knows who to speak to work forces. Although she is portrayed as a victim and as lonely. we still see as manipulative when she speaking to Lennie nears the terminal of the novel. As Curley’s married woman describes to utilize the ground why she is married to Curley it come apparent that she married Curley to acquire off from her Mother and so she wants to utilize Lennie to acquire off from Curley. Steinbeck has used this to do the reader feel that Curley’s married woman is naif and has hapless opinion. The reader can state that Curley’s married woman has thought through what she wants Lennie to make and she thinks that she can utilize him to her advantage. In this subdivision she is being manipulative ‘you can interrupt his other han’’ She can see that Lennie can stand up to Curley even if it is merely to a basic degree. Although you could reason that Curleys’s married woman was described as a ‘girl’ which suggests artlessness and naivete. She is in some ways like Lennie in that she doesn’t think before the action. The apparels she wear can be seen as to be dressing up to look like graven images and is concealing under her make-up. If this is all true so Curley’s married woman suffered a horrid decease which she doesn’t merit the decease she was given. Throughout the novelette. Steinbeck looks at the thought of the ‘American Dream’ . like George and Lennie. Curley’s married woman has a dream and that was to be in the ‘pitchers’ . Her dream is to be actress but is it truly the thought of being an actress or the ground was that she wanted the money so she would be able to purchase the apparels but non to make the work. She met a adult male who said she could be in the films but neer got missive. she blames her female parent for neer acquiring missive but it is possible that the work forces neer really was from the films and if he was at the films so why was he a unknown riverbank dance. Besides the fact that we are told about the rhinal voice ‘Her voice had a nasal. brittle quality’ show to the reader that she is deluded and that she will neer do her dream but has them to maintain traveling in what is a suffering life. Work force are prejudice towards Curley’s married woman on the manner in which she looks. Steinbeck’s initial portraiture of Curley’s married woman shows her to be a average and seductive enchantress. and alive she is the connexion to Eve. she brings evil in to m en’s lives. She is besides blamed for many of the action of Curley’s and she is thought of merely by how she looks non by how she is. The concluding scene for Curley’s married woman is her decease. When she is acquiring murdered. the understanding lies with Lennie. Steinbeck did this to make more sympathy from the reader for Curley’s married woman. This is what Steinbeck has been taking up throughout the book and to the ruin of the relationship between George and Lennie. HEr beauty is shown though when she is dead ‘she was really reasonably and simple’ . this creates more sympathy from the reader by demoing how simple and pretty she was. Besides the to associate with the description the word ‘girl’ is used. to make artlessness. The reader perceptual experience of her has changed ‘Ache for attending all gone’ Steinbeck wrote this to do the readers realise the abnormalcy of what has been done and how we can merely see her artlessness. simpleness and beauty. The concluding description of Curley’s married woman shows us the miss beneath what the universe she lived in made her. Although we see this different side to Curley’s married woman. Candy still has his misogynous sentiment of Curley’s married woman. ‘Ever’body knowed you’d muss things up’ this show that Candy blames Curley’s married woman for what has happened even though Lennie was the 1 who murdered Curley’s married woman. Candy’s deficiency of sympathy towards her creates more sympathy from the reader. Steinbeck does this to demo that Women got blamed for what the work forces did even if they had nil to make with it. In decision. Curley’s married woman was in fact the victim of her society and although some of her action were in some ways indecent for a freshly married adult females it. in some manner this shows how much she was really a victim. Besides she was occupation copying the action and dressing like the histrions which she idolised. I personal believe that Curley’s married woman was non all to fault for her action s and hence she did non merit the decease that she got as it was harsh a brutal.

Income Tax Authorities Essays

Income Tax Authorities Essays Income Tax Authorities Essay Income Tax Authorities Essay INCOME TAX AUTHORITIES A. Income Tax Authorities under the Income Tax Act [Section 116] 1. Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) 2. Director-General of Income Tax (DGIT) or Chief Commissioner of Income Tax (CCIT) 3. Directors of Income Tax (DIT) or Commissioners of Income Tax (CIT) or CIT (Appeals) 4. Additional Directors of Income-Tax (ADIT) or Additional Commissioners of Income-tax (ACIT) or ACIT (Appeals) 5. Joint Directors of Income Tax (JDIT) or Joint Commissioners of Income Tax (JCIT) 6. Deputy Directors of Income Tax (DDIT) or Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax (DCIT) or DCIT (Appeals) 7. Assistant Directors of Income Tax (ADIT) or Assistant Commissioners of Income Tax (ACIT) 8. Income Tax Officers (ITO) 9. Tax Recovery Officers (TRO) 10. Inspectors of Income Tax B. Right to appoint Income Tax Authorities [Section 117] Sec. 117 Posts (1) (2) Income Tax Authorities Income Tax Authorities below the rank of Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner Executive or ministerial staff Appointment by Central Government Board, Director-General, Chief Commissioner, Director, Commissioner Income Tax authority authorized by the Board 3) C. Control of Income Tax Authorities [Section 118] Any income-tax authority or authorities shall be subordinate to such other income tax authority as may be specified in the notification by the Board. D. POWERS OF INCOME TAX AUTHORITIES [section 119] Instruction to subordinate authorities: 1. The Board may issue orders / instructions / directions to other income tax authorities for proper administration of the Act. 2. Such orders / instructions / directions are binding on all subordinate authorities. 3. No instruction shall be issued by the Board to: (a) Make a particular assessment or dispose of a particular case in a particular manner; (b) Interfere with the discretion of CIT (Appeals) in the discharge of his appellate functions. 4. The Board may issue instructions for (a) Proper and efficient management of work of assessment. (b) Collection of Revenue / Issue / Intimation of penal proceedings. 5. Powers of the Board with regard to relaxation of any provisions of law: (a) Relaxation of any provisions of Section 139 / 143 / 144 / 147 / 148 / 154 / 155 / 158BFA/ 201 210 211 / 234A 2348 / 234C / 271 / 273 except 115P and 115S (b) Further, general or special orders may be issued by the CBDT by way of relaxation of the provisions of sections 115WD, 115WE, 115WF, 115WG, 115WH, 115WJ and 115WK relating to assessment of Fringe Benefit Taxation. Tax Supplement 1 (c) To avoid genuine hardship to assesses acceptance of an application of claim of any exemptions, deductions, refund or any rel ief after the expiry of the prescribed period under the Act. (d) To avoid genuine hardship to assessee by relaxing any requirements of Chapter IV or VI A. 6. Duties of the Board: Before relaxing any provision in the assessee’s favour, the Board should satisfy that: (a) Non-compliance was due to any reasons beyond the control of the assessee, (b) The assessee complied with such requirements of the Act before the completion of assessment. E. Powers of the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) under the various provisions of the Act. Section 2(17) 2(18) 11(1)(c) 44AA 80RRA 80U 118 119 Powers Declare any Institution, Association or Body to be a Company. Declare a Company having no Share Capital as Company in which public is substantially interested. Direct that income from house property held under Trust will not be included in the Total Income of the person in receipt of such income. Notify compulsory maintenance of accounts for any profession. To prescribe the field in which the person may have specialized knowledge and experience to be called a ‘technician’. Make rules and specify the permanent physical disability for deduction u/s 80U Exercise control over Income-tax authorities Issue orders, instructions and directions to subordinate authorities. Exceptions: (a) Order, instruct or direct any Income Tax authority to make assessment or to dispose a particular case in a particular manner. (b) Interfere with the discretion of the CIT (Appeals) in the exercise of appellate functions. 120 132 138 246 288 293B 295 Direct Income Tax authorities regarding exercise of their powers and functions. Specify the Income Tax authorities who are empowered to issue summons for search and seizure. Require any authority, body or officer, to disclose information regarding the assessee. Transfer or o authorize the CIT to transfer any appeal pending before First Appellate Authority. Prescribe educational qualifications of Authorized Representatives. Condone delay in obtaining Board approval, wherever such approval is necessary. Make rules for carrying out the purposes of the Act, subject to Central Government control. F. Special powers u/s 119(2) SubSection (a) (b) (c) Powers Issue orders in certain cases by way of relaxation or otherwise to â€Å" any class of incomes or fringe benefits† Extend time limit to admit an application or claim Relax any requirement of Chapter IV or Chapter VIA Tax Supplement G. Powers of Director General/Director of Income Tax Section 117 119(2) 120 127 131(1A) 132(1) 132A 133A 135 Powers Appoint IT authority below the rank of AC/DC Give instructions to Income Tax Officers. Direct the JC, AC, AD to function and assume powers of A. O. Transfer cases from one or more A. O. subordinate to him to any other A. O. who is subordinate to him. Enquire, if there exists any reasons to suspect concealment of income. Authorize any JD/JC/DD/DC/AD/AC/AO to conduct search and seizure. Requisition of books of accounts etc. Power of survey and collect useful and relevant information. Make enquiry. H. Powers of the Commissioner/Chief Commissioner of Income Tax: In addition to the powers mentioned above, the Commissioner/Chief Commissioner enjoys the following additional powers: Section 131 151(1) 253(2) 263 264 Powers Discovery, production of evidence, etc Sanction re-opening of assessments after the expiry of four years Direct A. O. to prefer appeal to Tribunal against the order of the First Appellate Authority. Revise any order passed by the A. O. which is prejudicial to the interest of revenue Revise order passed by a subordinate authority not prejudicial to the interest of the assessee I. Powers of Joint Commissioner of Income Tax Section 131 131(1A) 132 133 133A 133B 134 135 144A Powers Discovery, production of evidence, etc. Enquire, if reasons exist to suspect concealment of income. Search and Seizure call for information Survey Collect information Inspect register of companies Make an enquiry Issue directions during the course of assessment proceedings. Sanction re-opening of assessment after expiry of 4 years, if the assessment is any section other than 143(3) and 147, made under Tax Supplement 3 J. Powers of Assessing Officer: Section 38 89 131 132 132A 132B 133 133A 133B 134 139A 140A 142(2A) 143, 144 147 154 194, 195, 197 221 237, 240 245 Powers Determine the proportion of expenses for allowing deduction in respect of premises used Partly for the purpose of business or profession Grant relief u/s 89(1) for arrears of salary received Discovery, production of evidence etc. Search and seizure Requisition of books of accounts Apply the assets seized and retained U/s. 132 in satisfaction of existing liabilities under the Act. Call for information Power to Survey. Collect certain information Inspect register of companies Allot PAN Impose penalty for non-payment of self-assessment tax Direct an assessee to get his accounts audited Make assessment Reassess income which escaped assessment Rectify mistakes apparent from the records Grant certificate to an assessee to receive a payment without deduction of tax at source or deduction of tax at a rate lower than the prescribed rate. Impose penalty for default in payment of tax Grant refund Adjust refund against any demand of tax etc. outstanding against the assessee L. JURISDICTION OF INCOME TAX AUTHORITIES [Section 120] 1. Direction by CBDT: (a) Income Tax authorities are required to exercise their powers and perform their functions in accordance with directions given by the Board. (b) Income Tax authority higher in rank, if directed by Board, shall exercise the powers and perform tie functions of the Income Tax authority lower in rank. 2. The directions of CBDT include direction to authorize any Income Tax authority to issue instructions to their subordinates. 3. Criteria to be adopted for issue of instructions: In issuing instruction or orders, the Board or the IncomeTax authority may adopt any one or more of the following criteria (a) Territorial area (b) Person or classes of persons (c) Incomes or classes of incomes (d) Cases or classes of cases 4. Other powers of the Board: The Board can authorize any Director General or Director to perform such functions of any other Income Tax authority as may be assigned to him. . Delegation of Powers to CCIT / DGIT : The Board can also authorize Director General or Chief Commissioner or Commissioner to issue orders in writing to the effect that the functions 4 Tax Supplement conferred or assigned to the Assessing Officer in respect of the above four criteria shall be exercised or performed by Joint Commissioner or Joint Director. M JURISDICTION OF THE ASSESSING OFFICERS [Section 124] The Assessing Officer has been vested with jurisdiction o ver any area or limits of such area 1. If a person carries on business or profession only in that area, In respect of that person; or 2. If a person carries on business or profession in more than one place, then the principal place of business or profession situated in that area; or 3. In respect of any other person residing within that area. N. SETTLEMENT OF JURISDICTION RELATING TO DISPUTES 1. Any dispute relating to jurisdiction to assess any person by an Assessing Officer shall be determined by Director General /Chief Commissioner/Commissioner of Income Tax 2. If the dispute is relating to areas within the jurisdiction of different Director General /Chief Commissioner/ Commissioner, then such issue is to be solved mutually among themselves. 3. If the above authorities are not in agreement among themselves such matter has to be decided by the Board or Director General/ Chief Commissioner/ Commissioner authorized by the Board. O. RIGHTS OF THE ASSESSEE DUTIES OF THE ASSESSING OFFICERS RELATING TO JURISDICTION 1. Rights of the Assesses: The assessee has right to object and raise the question of jurisdiction of an Assessing Officer within the time prescribed nder the following circumstances: If he has already filed the return income u/s 139(1) or 115WD(1)- Within 1 month from the date of service of notice u/s 142(1) or 143(2) or before the completion of assessment whichever is earlier. No return flied and notice issued u 142(1) or 148 or show cause notice for best judgment assessment u/s 144 or 115WD(2) / 115WH(1) / 115WF Within the time all owed in notice u/s 142(1) or 148 or within the time specified in notice u/s 144 whichever is earlier. 2. Duties of the Assessing Officer: If the assesses challenges the jurisdiction of the Assessing Officer, and the Assessing Officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the assessee’s claim, then he shall refer the matter to the Director General/ Chief Commissioner or Commissioner before the completion of the assessment. P. POWERS OF THE INCOME TAX AUTHORITIES TO TRANSFER CASES [Section 127] Transfer to another subordinate officer: 1. The Director General or Chief Commissioner or Commissioner has the power to transfer cases with or without concurrent jurisdiction from one or more subordinate Assessing Officer to other Assessing Officers. . Before transferring the case, the assesses shall be given an opportunity of being heard. 3. The above authorities shall record the reasons in writing for doing so. 4. Where the Assessing Officer from whom the case is transferred and the transferee Assessing Officer do not fall under the control of the same Director General, Chief Commission er, Commissioner, then both the jurisdiction officers mutually decide and paw necessary order. 5. If both the jurisdiction Commissioners are not in agreement, then the matter shall be decided by the Board or any authority authorized by the Board. . Transfer within local area: It is not necessary to give an opportunity to the assessee if the case is transferred between Assessing Officers within the same city, locality or place. Tax Supplement 5 7. The transfer of the case may be made at any stage of the proceedings. 8. Any fresh notice not required: It is not necessary to reissue any notice by the transferee Assessing Officer, which is already issued by the previous Assessing Officers. Q. Duties of Income Tax authority and rights of the assessee in case of change of Income Tax Authority. Section 129] When an Income Tax authority ceases to exercise jurisdiction and is succeeded by another, then the successor shall continue the proceedings from the stage at which it was left-over by th e preceding authority. Right of the assessee: In case of change in Income Tax authority, the assessee may demand that before the proceeding be continued: (a) the previous proceedings or any part thereof be reopened again (b) he may be reheard before passing any order by the new authority. R. OTHER POWERS OF INCOME TAX Section Particulars Authorities who can exercise the powers u/s 131 Assessing Officer, Joint Commissioner of Income Tax, Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals), Commissioner of Income Tax, Chief Commissioner of Income Tax Nature of Power Power of Court under the code of civil procedure and power to 131(1) Discovery and inspection Enforcing attendance of any person Compelling production of books of accounts and documents Issuing commissions Authorities who can exercise the Powers: Director General, Director, Joint Director, Deputy Director, Assistant Director or Authorized Officer 131(1A) The above authorities can exercise the powers if they have reasons to suspect that income has been concealed or likely to be concealed irrespective of whether any proceeding in respect of the assessee is pending before him or any other authority or not The authority has the power to impound and retain books and documents for such period as it thinks fit. The Assessing Of ficer/Assistant Director/Deputy Director shall not. etain the books/ documents Without recording reasons for doing so; and For a period exceeding 15 days without prior permission of Chief Commissioner/ Commissioner/Director General/Director of Income Tax S. POWERS OF INCOME TAX AUTHORITY TO CALL FOR INFORMATION. [Section 133] The Assessing Officer, Joint Commissioner, Commissioner (Appeals) may require the followinq details: Assessee Firm HUF Trustee, guardian, agent Information Names, addresses of the partners of the firms and their respective shares Names, addresses of the manager and the members of the family. Names of the persons for or of whom he is trustee, guardian or agent and their addresses. 131(3) 6 Tax Supplement Any assessee Name and addresses of persons to whom the following payments are made exceeding Rs. 1,000 or more as may be prescribed: Rent, interest, commission, royalty, brokerage, annuity not taxable under the head â€Å"Salaries† Names and addresses of all persons to whom any sum has been paid or received for transfer by way of sale, exchange or otherwise of assets; Details of such payments and receipts. Information, matters or statement of accounts and affairs, which will be useful or relevant to any proceeding under the Act. Broker, agent or any person concerned in the management of stock or commodity exchange Any person including banking company or any officer thereof In case where no proceeding is pending, the power in respect of an inquiry shall not be exercised by any authority below the rank of Director or Commissioner of Income Tax without the prior approval of the Director or Commissioner. T. Section 133A POWER TO REMOVE BOOKS DURING SURVEY 1. Authority: Commissioner, Joint Commissioner, Joint Director, Director, Assistant Director, Deputy Director and Assessing Officer or Tax Recovery Officer or Inspector of Income Tax. No action u/s. 133A(I) shall be taken by an Assistant Director or a Deputy Director or an Assessing Officer or a Tax Recovery Officer or an Inspector of Income-tax without obtaining the approval of the Joint Director or the Joint Commissioner. 2. Authorized arm of the Income Tax authority to survey: (a) Any piece within the limits of the area assigned to the Income Tax Authority (b) Any place occupied by any person in respect of whom the Income Tax Authority exercises jurisdiction (c) Any place in respect of which the Income Tax Authority is authorized by the (higher) Income-Tax Authority covered under (a) and (b) above. 3. Place Time of survey: Any place, whether principal place or not, of business or profession of the assessee. Place of survey Place of business or profession Any other place Place of function, ceremony or event Time of survey During business hours After sunrise and before sunset Any time after such function, ceremony or event 4. Rights of the Income Tax Authority u/s. 133A (a) Inspect books of accounts or other documents available at such place. (b) Check or verify and make inventory of the cash, stock, or other valuable article or thing found therein. (c) Obtain any information, which may be useful or relevant to any proceeding under this Act. (d) Record statement of any person, which may be useful or relevant to any proceeding under this Act. (e) Place marks of identification on books of accounts/other documents Inspected by the Income Tax Authority. (f) If the assessee refuses or evades, the Income Tax Authority shall have all powers u/s. 131(1) to enforce compliance. Tax Supplement 7 (g) Power to impound books etc. : The Income Tax Authority has powers to Impound and retain in his custody for such period as he thinks fit any books of account or other documents inspected by him. Conditions: Reasons for impounding books should be recorded in writing. Prior permission of CCIT/DGIT/CIT/ DIT should be obtained for retention beyond TEN DAYS exclusive of holidays. 5. Duties of the proprietor, employee or any other person available at the time of survey: Afford necessary facility to the surveying official: (a) To inspect such books of accounts and other documents as they require and which may be available at such place. b) To check or verify cash, stock or other valuable article or thing which may be found therein. (c) Furnish such information as he may require which may be helpful for or relevant to any proceeding under the Act. 6. Places not to be entered [Circular No. 7D / 3. 5. 1. 967]: (a) Place where the Assessee does not carry on any business; (b) Business in residential premises of third parties; (c) Premises of a Chartered Accountant, a Pleader, an Income Tax Practitioner of whom the Assessee may be a client. U. POWERS OF THE INCOME TAX AUTHORITY TO COLLECT CERTAIN INFORMATION u/s 133B 1. Authority: Joint Commissioner, Assistant Director, Deputy Director, Assessing Officer, and Inspector of Income tax authorized by the Assessing Officer, 2. Area of the Income Tax Authority: (a) Any building or place within the limits of the area assigned to the Income Tax Authority; (b) Any building or place occupied by any person in respect of whom the Income Tax Authority exercises jurisdiction. 3. Place: (a) Any place, whether principal place or not, of business or profession of the assessee. (b) Any other place where the books of accounts, or any part of cash or stock or other valuable article or thing relating to business or profession are kept 4. Time of survey: Hours during which such place of business is open for the conduct of business or profession. 5. Rights of the Income Tax Authority: (a) To collect prescribed information; (b) The Income Tax Authority has no right to remove from the building or place any books of account, other documents, cash, stock or other valuable article or thing. 6. Consequences of non-compliance: [Section 272AA] Failure to comply with the provisions of this section will attract a penalty of such amount as the Income Tax Authority may direct. Maximum penalty shall be Rs. 1,000. ILLUSTRATION: An Assessing Officer entered a hotel run by a person, in respect of whom he exercises Jurisdiction, at 8 p. m. for the purpose of collecting information, which may be useful for the purposes of the Act. The hotel is kept open for business every day between 9 am end 9 pm. The hotelier claims that the Assessing Officer could not enter the hotel after sunset The Assessing 8 Tax Supplement Officer wants to take away with him the books of account kept at the hotel. Examine the validity of the claim made by the hotelier and the proposed action of the Assessing Officer with reference to the provisions of section 1338 of the Income lax Act, 1961. 1. Section 133B: (a) Powers: Survey: Assessing Officer is empowered to survey the place of business or profession at hours during which such place of business is open for the conduct of business or profession. Collection of Information: He is also empowered to collect prescribed information. (b) Restriction on Power: The AO has no right to remove any books of account, other documents, cash, stock or other valuable article or thing, from the place of survey. 2. Analysis and Conclusion: (a) Validity of Entry into Hotel: The AD entered the Hotel during its business hours at 8 p. m. (i. e. between 9 a. m. and 9 p. m. ) In light of the above provision of law, claim made by Hotelier in this respect is not valid. (b) Validity of Removing Books: Assessing Officer has no right to take away the books of accounts kept at the hotel. Hence the proposed action of the Assessing Officer is beyond his authority. V. Powers of income tax authorities to Inspect register of companies. [Sec 134] 1. Officers Empowered: (a) Assessing Officer (b) Joint Commissioner (c) Commissioner (Appeals) or (d) Any person subordinate to the above persons duly authorized by them (above persons) in writing. 2. Power to Inspect: The above officers may inspect or take copies of any Register of the Members, Debenture Holders or Mortgages of any Company of or an entry in such Register. W. Powers of Income tax authorities to disclose information [Section 138] 1. Furnishing of information: The information received or obtained by the Income Tax Authority in performance of functions under this Act, may be furnished by the Board or any designated Income Tax Authority by a special or general order. 2. Person to whom information has to be furnished: (a) Any officer, authority or body performing functions under law relating to the imposition of any tax, duty or cess or to dealings in foreign exchange. b) Any officer, authority or body performing functions under any other law, notified by the Central Government in public interest. 3. Procedure: (a) The prescribed authority can file an application to the Chief Commissioner or Commissioner in prescribed Form No. 46. (b) If the Income Tax Authority is sat isfied that in public interest such information has to be furnished to the applicant, then he may furnish such information in Form No. 47. (c) The decision made by the Chief Commissioner or Commissioner shall be final. Designated Officers: Chief Commissioner, Director General, Additional Commissioner, Additional Director, Joint Commissioner and Joint Director. Tax Supplement 9

Plastics in Childrens Toys

Plastics in Children's Toys Neither you nor your child can escape the touch of plastics, and for the most part, you dont need to worry about it. Most plastics are perfectly safe for even very small children. Plastics in their pure form typically have low solubility in water and have a low level of toxicity. However, some plastics found in toys contain a variety of additives that have been found to be toxic. Although the relative risk of injury from plastic-based toxins is low, its prudent to select your childs toys carefully. Bisphenol-A Bisphenol-A usually called BPA was long used in toys, baby bottles, dental sealants, and even thermal receipt tape. More than 100 studies have linked BPA to problems including obesity, depression and breast cancer.   PVC Avoid plastics that are marked with a 3 or PVC because polyvinyl chloride plastics often contain additives that can make plastics more harmful than they need to be for children. The volume and type of those additives will vary by the object and may differ significantly from toy to toy. The manufacture of PVC creates dioxin, a serious carcinogen. Although the dioxin shouldnt be in the plastic, its a byproduct of the manufacturing process, so buying less PVC may be an environmentally smart decision. Polystyrene Polystyrene is a rigid, brittle, inexpensive plastic commonly used to make plastic model kits and other toys. The material is also a base of  EPS foam. In the late 1950s, high-impact polystyrene was introduced, which was not brittle; it is commonly used today to make toy figurines and similar novelties. Plasticizers Plasticizers such as adipates and phthalates had long been added to brittle plastics such as polyvinyl chloride to make them pliable enough for toys. Traces of these compounds can possibly leak out of the product. The European Union placed a permanent ban on the use of phthalates in toys. Furthermore, in 2009 the United States banned certain types of phthalates commonly used in plastics. Lead According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, plastic toys may contain lead, which is added to the plastic to soften it. If the toy is exposed to high heat, the lead may leach out in the form of dust, which may then be inhaled or ingested by a child or pet. A Little Bit of Vigilance Almost all plastic childrens toys are safe. A vast majority of toys are now made with polybutylene terephthalate plastic: You can tell these toys apart by sight, as they are the brightly colored,  shiny, very impact-resistant objects littering toy boxes across the country. Regardless of the type of plastic you encounter, its always wise to discard or recycle any plastic object that shows obvious signs of wear or degradation.   So although theres no need to panic about toxic toys, a little bit of vigilance especially with antique toys, or very inexpensive mass-produced toys may protect your children from unnecessary exposure.

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Change - Essay Example Technical issues can be dealt with expertise while others require the managers to make use of emotional intelligence to control the matters. In a vast majority of cases, both occur together in the change implementation cases. Flexibility is the key to success in change management. Certain adaptive and technical competences are vital to be successful as a change manager. These competences have been presented in this article after a thorough analysis of past research pertaining to the subject. Change science is fundamental to bringing about the behavioral change in the workforce. It enables the leader to define the objectives, tasks and milestones in a way that is conducive for higher motivation in the workforce. Change art is required to manage the factors that are driven by behavior and emotions. Change leaders can get to know their initiatives more clearly using change art. Change art collects information from the surroundings, evaluates it and generates useful information for the c hange leaders so that they may realize the measures needed to raise the motivation of workforce. Change art places more emphasis on behavioral goals than technical goals and hence, may compromise upon technical specifications as deadlines and milestones.

Strategic Management of AtomFilms Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Strategic Management of AtomFilms - Case Study Example    In the B2B, AtomFilms acquired content through major film festivals using grassroots public relations. It also distributes content through finding distribution channels that would buy the films. In 1998, Air Canada bought five films for its short-haul flights opening up an opportunity for success for AtomFilms. The B2C was not much successful because advertising and merchandise revenue overshadowed it but it built the company’s brand identity, consumer outreach, and marketing strategy. The two strategies helped the company grow as the consumer confidence grew. By the year 2000, the company had generated more than $5 million in revenue. The B2C had helped the company gain $1 million in revenue from merchandise sales through the company’s website. Despite the fact that the elements of the business model are mutually consistent and reinforcing, the company had not found the best way to use its website to monetize consumer traffic (Hill & Jones,  2013). Mika’s possible approaches correspond to forward integration, market penetration, and market development strategies. First, the B2B and B2C approach correspond to the forward integration strategy in the sense that it sought to gain ownership over distributors. AtomFilms developed its content distribution network by calling every distribution channel to sell its products. It also established a website to directly reach consumers and promote sales. The company’s approach also corresponds to the market penetration strategy in the sense that it sought to increase its market share for present products through B2C approach. This was launched after B2B to increase advertising and offer extensive sales promotion items and to increase publicity efforts (David,  2013).   

Deviant Behavior and Social Control Essay Example for Free

Deviant Behavior and Social Control Essay Durkheim said, â€Å"We must not say that an action shocks the common conscience because it is criminal, but rather that it is criminal because it shocks the common conscience. † The strain theory by Robert K. Merton suggests that American are geared toward deviance because of a lack of legitimate options to attain the monetary goal that Americans emphasize (Tischler, p. 146). Travis Hirschi posed the control theory which focuses on the importance of the people around you to mold you into a regular lifestyle. He said that there are four main points to why someone will become deviant or not: attachment to others, commitment to conformity, involvement in conventional activities, belief in the moral validity of social rules. If someone displays these four points than they will probably be a functioning member of society. Sociologists suggest the techniques of neutralization, which are ways we will justify the deviant act to ourselves so that we are able to complete it. The five techniques are denial of responsibility, denying the injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the authorities, and appealing to higher principles of authorities. Lastly, there is the labeling theory which states that individuals will commit secondary deviant acts after the fact that they have already been deemed a deviant by society. A flaw in this theory is that it does not give reason for why the original deviant act was committed. Every theory previously posed does have legitimate facts behind why it could be the cause for deviant behavior, but no single one is completely correct. Although the mesomorphic body type may be deemed as a more aggressive person, this would not be the only reason why the person was deviant, so the biological theory cannot stand alone. The psychological theories have a lot of mental disease that makes them more prone to deviant activity, but it is also proven that these traits are overcome by a good social environment and in some cases the proper medication. Just like the psychological theories, the sociological theories are proven that the environment that one is raised or lives in is a highly important factor, but it is possible for someone in a good environment to be deviant and vice versa. 2. What types of crime exist in the Unite States? There are four main categories of crime in the United States and these crimes range from rape to robbery to embezzlement to public drunkenness. The first category of crime is violent crime which consists of acts such as murder and assault. These crimes usually come with the longest prison sentences, and the good news is that these types of crime have been on the decline over the past few years. Next we have property crime which consists of three quarters of the crime in the United States. Car theft and burglary are examples of property crimes. According to the FBI, a white-collar crime is â€Å"characterized by deceit, concealment, or a violation of trust. † Bernie Madoff, the Enron corporation, and ponzi schemes are what we consider to be white-collar crimes. Finally, we have what are called victimless crimes. These are crimes that break what is considered law, but have no direct victim. Prostitution, drug use, and DUI are all what can be considered victimless. They use the term â€Å"victimless† but the argument can be made that the victim is the person committing the crime because their actions usually harm themselves. 3. What parts of the court and prison system are effective, and what parts are ineffective? Only two out of the four major goals of prison are effective. The first of which is to separate criminals from society, is accomplished by the physical act of taking criminals off the street and putting them behind fences that are twenty feet high with barbed wire, towers with armed guards, and impenetrable buildings of brick and mortar. This is honestly the only thing that our courts succeed in doing, but when you separate them from society, you put them with fellow criminals who have new crimes to teach. The second goal that can be considered effective is that prison is a legitimate punishment for criminal behavior. For me, being in prison is a mental and physical hell because it causes you to be broken down while in a small cell with a bar door and no window and no means of escape. For others it may not be like this though, because as mentioned before in the theories of deviance, a criminal may have psychological problems where they are unable to conform and prison makes them conform so they begin to enjoy what they are unable to have on the outside. Also, most criminals peers are other criminals, so while incarcerated they do not feel completely separated from their usual world. The other two primary goals of the prison systems can be considered highly ineffective. Deterring criminal behavior is the third goal of prisons and as the statistics show, this is not commonly achieved. If prison were a good deterrent than we would not have the crime rate that we have today. If the reward of the crime is greater than what the punishment will be, a crime will be committed. The last goal of the prisons is to rehabilitate. The facts are concrete when showing that prison and the programs within have minimal success rates. My personal observations over the past two weeks concur with the facts. I would estimate that close to ninety percent of the inmates who are in here for drug and alcohol related offenses talk about getting high or drunk on the day they are released, and with fellow inmates. The inmates who are guilty of burglary or robbery and other related offenses admit that they don’t know any other way of life, and that they will continue their criminal ways when released. There will never be a perfect society in which there is no deviant behavior. There is, however, ways in which we can continue to develop a better understanding of what causes the deviant behavior and ways in which we can prevent it. The prison system is continually developing new trial programs to help addicts and alcoholics, along with incorporating programs for criminals to get started on a career path instead of a criminal path. I do not believe that these will ever be one definite answer to why one becomes deviant, but let’s hope that as future progresses the rate at which deviance occurs decreases.

Schizophrenia :: essays research papers

Schizophrenia- Severe disorders on which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations. (Psychology: An Introduction,Charles D. Morris with Albert A. Maisto) It's quite horrendous. First of all, you've got somebody that you love, a child that you've raised. And then suddenly, the child becomes a crazy person. Better drugs and new ways of treating schizophrenia are enabling more of the disease's victims to live in society instead of institutions, and even to hold down jobs. Schizophrenia can be detected in childhood--even traced to the womb. These malfunctions may be wired into the brain before birth. There is mounting evidence that schizophrenia reflects deviation in development rather than a backwards process that begins in maturity. Scientists,whose findings have already paved the way for a greater understanding of schizophrenia, and researchers around the world are hunting for underlying causes of the disease. People diagnosed with schizophrenia display a wide-ranging breakdown of perception and thought. A glitch in the timing of cell responses across broad swaths of brain tissue may help account for these people's fragmented experience of the world, according to a new study. In the brains of schizophrenia sufferers, electrical activity fails to synchronize with a specific sound frequency as it does in the brains of mentally healthy people. Improved drugs to fight psychosis--the loss of contact with reality that afflicts schizophrenics--are already coming on the market, and some researchers believe that within the next few decades, scientists will find a way to virtually cure the obscure disease. Schizophrenia usually begins between the ages of 16 and 30, with men often being affected earlier than women. The first symptoms can include trouble concentrating or sleeping, and afflicted people may start avoiding their friends. In the next stage, many schizophrenics begin to speak incoherently and see or hear things that no one else does. As the disease takes hold, there are cycles of remission followed by frightening relapses marked by disordered thinking that causes many schizophrenics to leap illogically from one subject to another when they talk. They begin to experience hallucinations, paranoia and delusions-- schizophrenics in their psychotic phases may become convinced that people are spying on them, or imagine that they have acquired godlike powers. When they are in the grip of psychosis, they frequently behave erratically, and they can become violent or suicidal. Often, it is parents and other family members who have to deal with the recurring crises. Often,schizophrenics are more of a danger to themselves. An estimated 15 to 20 per cent of them take their own lives--in despair of ever finding peace of mind, or because their "voices" tell them to.

Morphology of the Heart Essay

The heart is a muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system. The heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels by contractions. Cardiac means â€Å"related to the heart†, and comes from the Greek. The vertebrate heart is made up of cardiac muscle, it’s an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. The male’s heart weighs 9-11 ounces, and the female’s heart weighs about 11-12 ounces. A person’s blood pressure has major effects on their heart; high blood pressure is a major risk factor for a heart attack. If the heart can’t get enough oxygen, you will get chest pains which is called angina, and when your blood flow is blocked, it will result in a heart attack. Not only do heart attacks occur with high blood pressure, so does congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure can be deadly and is a result of the heart being unable to pump enough blood for what your body needs. Homeostasis is your body’s ability to maintain an internal environment that is constant, no matter what is happening outside of it. The body has a lot of responsibility, like blood pressure, temperature, and things like glucose levels even. So, when the body’s blood pressure is high, or even low, it means that your body’s homeostasis or balanced state has become unbalanced. References: Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Pressure , 2012. eHow.com.http://www.ehow.com/about_5565094_homeostatic-regulation-blood-pressure.html#ixzz2FS7wlBON SteadyHealth.2004 – 2011 Wesite: http://terms.steadyhealth.com/Heart_morphology NHLBI. 2012.Website:http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/hbp/effect/heart.htm

Destroy Othello Essay

Iago feels that he was passed over for a promotion to lieutenant and resents Cassio, the new lieutenant. He also harbors a potential grudge against Othello, who promoted Cassio. Iago explains to Roderigo that Cassio was appointed despite the fact that three important Venetians had asked Othello to promote Iago. Iago states â€Å"I know my price, I am worth no worse a place† (1. 1. 11), which shows that he felt that he deserved the promotion. He resents that he has fought alongside Othello several times in battle, yet Cassio a mere â€Å"counter-caster†(1. 1. 31), who has never served in battle, was made lieutenant. He holds Othello responsible for his being passed over, and mocks Othello’s race and character. Iago’s conduct reveals his malicious nature. His statement â€Å"I am not what I am† (1. 1. 65) summarizes the deceitfulness of his character. Iago suggests to the heartbroken Roderigo that he â€Å"Call up her father, / Rouse him: make after him, poison his delight, / Proclaim him in the streets† (1. 1. 67-69). This shows Iago’s vindictive nature. He suggests that Roderigo not only disturb Barbantio in the middle of the night, but that he publicly announce that Desdemona has eloped, thus subjecting Barbantio and his family to shame. While calling out to Barbantio, Iago remains in the dark and does not reveal his identity. Here, as in the rest of the play, Iago acts an instigator, hidden in the shadows, yet still managing to manipulate those around him. In speaking to Barbantio, Iago insults him, and describes the relationship of Desdemona in derogatory and pornographic terms. After doing his best to make Barbantio panic, Iago returns to Othello and pretends to be loyal. However, he instructs Roderigo to tell Barbantio exactly where Desdemona and Othello can be found. Iago’s conduct reveals his ability to control others, while they remain unaware of his influence. This is shown by the fact that he uses Roderigo to anger Barbantio, whom he uses to destroy Othello. At this point, Barbantio and Othello are oblivious to Iago’s devious nature. Iago callously betrays Othello but pretends to be loyal to him.

How to Play the Yes, And ... Improv Game

How to Play the Yes, And ... Improv Game Unless an actor is the star of a one-person show, his or her acting experience will involve a lot of cooperation and engagement with other actors. In theory, an actor should be able to pick up on his or her fellow actors body language and tone, responding appropriately and seamlessly, even in the trickiest situations.   The Problems Actors Face on Stage When Things Go Wrong Plenty of actors have been part of a scene in which lines are dropped. Without proper training, actors often stand speechless, wondering what happened,  and what to do next. With an understanding of improv and cooperation, actors can seamlessly continue the scene, guiding the story back to the script. Similar situations occur in a live theater all the time. A prop has disappeared, a cue is missed, a table is in the wrong position, and actors must work together to keep the scene moving forward in a plausible manner. How Actors Learn to Go With the Flow on Stage Part of the proper training for the unexpected involves improv work that requires creative cooperation. The game Yes, And forces actors to avoid rejecting other cast members ideas, and, instead, to find a way to go with the flow. Yes, And is the opposite of No, But, which is a response that can lead to catastrophe on stage. The game Yes, And is very simple. In an improv situation, actors are required to accept their fellow actors ideas and build on them. For example, at the beginning of the scene, the first character begins by establishing a setting and plot, as seen below.   Character #1: What a hot and miserable day to be a ranch hand! (Following the â€Å"Yes, And† method, the second character will accept the premise and add to the situation.)Character #2: Yep and the boss said we don’t get no water until this fence is mended.Character #1: Yes and ain’t he the meanest cuss we’ve ever worked for?Character #2: Yep and it’s made me think about leaving behind this cowboy life and headin’ off for San Francisco. Developing Conflict Can Help Actors Move the Plot Along Now, the scene could continue on indefinitely with the actors simply agreeing with one another. However, it’s best to develop conflict as well. For example: Character #2: Yep, and it’s made me think about leaving behind this cowboy life and headin’ off for San Francisco.Character #1: Yes, and you’d be broke twenty minutes after stepping off the stagecoach.Character #2: Yeah, and I supposed you think you could do better?!Character #1: Yes! And after I made my fortune panning for gold I come back and buy this sorry ranch and you’d be working for me! After working on â€Å"Yes, And† exercises, actors ultimately learn how to do scenes in which they embrace the ideas and concepts offered by fellow performers. Actors don’t actually need to say the words â€Å"Yes, And† for the system to work. They simply need to affirm what the character is saying and allow it to build the scene. If actors deny their fellow performer, the scene may be dead in the water before it even had a chance. See how it could unfold: Character #1: What a hot and miserable day to be a ranch hand!Character #2: No it’s not. And we’re not ranch hands either.

Oxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem

Oxidation and Reduction Reaction Example Problem In an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction, it is often confusing to identify which molecule is oxidized in the reaction and which molecule is reduced. This example problem shows how to correctly identify which atoms undergo oxidation or reduction and their corresponding redox agents. Problem For the reaction:2 AgCl(s) H2(g) → 2 H(aq) 2 Ag(s) 2 Cl-Identify the atoms that undergo oxidation or reduction and list the oxidizing and reducing agents. Solution The first step is to assign oxidation states to each atom in the reaction. AgCl:Ag has a 1 oxidation stateCl has a -1 oxidation stateH2 has an oxidation state of zeroH has a 1 oxidation stateAg has an oxidation state of zero.Cl- has a -1 oxidation state. The next step is to check what happened to each element in the reaction. Ag went from 1 in AgCl(s) to 0 in Ag(s). The silver atom gained an electron.H went from 0 in H2(g) to 1 in H(aq). The hydrogen atom lost an electron.Cl kept its oxidation state constant at -1 throughout the reaction. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons and reduction involves the gain of electrons.Silver gained an electron. This means the silver was reduced. Its oxidation state was reduced by one. To identify the reduction agent, we must identify the source of the electron. The electron was supplied by either the chlorine atom or the hydrogen gas. Chlorines oxidation state was unchanged throughout the reaction and hydrogen lost an electron. The electron came from the H2 gas, making it the reduction agent. Hydrogen lost an electron. This means the hydrogen gas was oxidized. Its oxidation state was increased by one.The oxidation agent is found by finding where the electron went in the reaction. Weve already seen how hydrogen gave an electron to silver, so the oxidation agent is the silver chloride. Answer For this reaction, hydrogen gas was oxidized with the oxidizing agent being silver chloride. Silver was reduced with the reducing agent being H2 gas.

MMPI-A (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Adolescent) Essay

MMPI-A (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Adolescent) - Essay Example that used obsolete language or seemed awkward, ambiguous, or sexist were rewritten to improve face validity and to decrease perceived offensiveness (Butcher et al.,1992, n.p.). The test item pool was shortened, including 20 items which performed the same or better psychometrically as the original version (Williams, Ben-Porath, & Hevern, 1994). The result was an instrument containing 567 True or False items, and includes the same 13 scales of the MMPI and MMPI-2, as well as a few additional validity and content scales. Sample items include, â€Å"My teachers have it in for me,† â€Å"My feelings are not easily hurt,† and â€Å"My parents often object to the kind of people I go around with† The items are spread over a variety of scales measuring different aspects of adolescent behavior and potential problem areas including family issues, eating disorders and chemical dependency. At the psychologists’ discretion, the clinical scales and three of the validity scales can be scored from the first 350 items. Its norms are adolescent-specific. The MMPI-A is used by schools, clinical and counseling psychologists to help support the diagnosis and treatment planning of problematic adolescents in a variety of settings. It helps identify the root causes of potential problems at its onset. Aside from providing crucial information easily understood by parents, teachers and others in the adolescent’s support network, it likewise guides professionals in making appropriate referrals. Clinicians administering the MMPI-A with 12-13 year olds who have sixth grade reading level and seems to be mature enough for the test should do it with caution especially in the interpretation of the results. Likewise, the clinician should be discerning when dealing with 18 year old respondents, as they are qualified for both the MMPI-2 and the MMPI-A versions. A suggested guideline would be to use the MMPI-A instrument with 18-year-olds who are still in high school and the MMPI-2 instrument

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Psychology - Essay Example With reference to humans, excellent semantic and episodic memory is present. We are able to remember and recall events with accordance to time, place and manner. Also, humans have the ability to learn and retain tasks and perform them successfully. Using memory is not confined to humans but also to non human animals. Considering animals, it has been difficult to prepare models to test the episodic memory of animals, which can be mainly due to the difference of level of consciousness between humans and non humans. Nevertheless the studies that have been carried out, though they have not yet been able to successfully differentiate between episodic recollection of events from semantic factual knowledge in animals; however, in the main it is assumed that animals recall incidents with no past-time orientation . A dog may be able to remember a familiar face, but would be unable to remember when or where it saw previously. Contradictory to this theory, episodic-like memory has been observed in certain birds. Experiments involving food-caching trials show that some type of birds have been able to successfully recollect the location of their caches, while other types are also able to recall the contents of the cache. These experiments do provide us with substantial evidence that animals do not possess episodic memory as highly developed as humans but certain animals do exhibit some level of episodic-like memory. While taking semantic memory also in view, Tulving, a world-renowned experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist, suggested that episodic memory is unique to humans and not found in animals. Therefore an animal responding to a stimulus for reward basis is demonstration of semantic memory rather than episodic memory (Grondin, 2008). On the other hand, other theories suggest that animals do not have enough semantic networks to develop this type of memory. Therefore their experiences are based on episodic memory. Apes however do display some

African american women underrepresantation in higher education Dissertation

African american women underrepresantation in higher education - Dissertation Example The African American women play a very important role in the academic field This alone calls for further research to find out the issues that surround the African American women in higher education.Since the beginning of 21st century, women have been integrated into the administration in most institutions of higher learning.However, they are hardly recognized and are only seen subordinates to the white women or black men. They are seen as a group that has no experience, even though they are equally competent with their colleagues (Anderson and Ramey, 1998). Still, there is a lot that needs to be done despite the fact that research has been done concerning the same. Research has in the past mainly concentrated on the students and the administration as a whole. This leaves the plight of the African American women unattended to. This literature review examines the following aspects. For one, I consider the policies that have been made by the judiciary, legislature and the executive conc erning the African American women in higher education. Secondly, the literature review focuses on the implementation of these policies, with an in depth focus on the state of Georgia. The third aspect that I will consider is the place of women in higher education. I will approach this by giving a comprehensive description of the same. Lastly, I will consider the future considerations of the policies that can enhance women’s representation in future. Main problems faced by African American women administrators ... This further leads to lack of influence and bottlenecks in achieving authority in these institutions. The third aspect that challenges these women is the prejudice on whether they are competent enough to lead other or make good management decision. Their families are also demanding, giving them limited chances of advancing in their careers. Fourthly, they face inequities in the opportunities of promotion and pay increase in these institutions (Eaglya and Johnson,1990). Many women have not been exposed to the opportunities of presidency. More so, they are still underrepresented in the faculties and in the senior most positions in the higher learning institutions. African American women have had to face limited chances in enrollment in the universities (Robson, 1985). This is mainly in North America, where a majority of women have no access to education. This explains why it is hard to have representation in the universities in such areas. The women also have balance between the tradit ional roles as homemakers and their professional careers. They are expected to do more than men, limiting their chances of rising as professional in any field (Eaglya and Johnson,1990). Further, their own views on what they are supposed to do in every day of their life, which limits their chances of fighting for their promotion in higher learning institutions (Robson, 1985). The responsibilities are both demanding, which means that a woman has limited chances of further education and thoroughness in their professionals. These are the very factors that warrant promotion and enhancement of leadership skills. Still, many women feel that their professional careers are secondary to their family roles and duties. Black women lack support by their spouses in the progression of their

Human Growth And Development

Human Growth And Development Human existence is not static and people are developing constantly (Thompson and Thompson, 2008: 83). For this reason, an understanding of development is central to undertaking professional social work at a high level of competence (Ibid.: 99). This case study focuses on Tony and Jan, their adopted nine year old son Sam, new baby and Jans mother Dorothy. It is evident from reading this familys background information that a social worker should consider theories of human growth and development in order to fully assess their circumstances and behaviour. Hence, this is where our attention will now turn but as time does not permit consideration of all family members, for the purpose of this assignment two will be concentrated on; Sam and Jan.   Sam Sam was adopted by Tony and Jan at four years old, a move which, despite initial reservations, was successful. However, in recent months Sams behaviour has deteriorated and this, alongside other problems, has led to the family seeking support. has long been regarded as significant in childrens development (Aldgate, 2007: 57). Bowlby (1977: 203) described attachment behaviour as behaviour resulting in a person attaining or retaining proximity to another differentiated and preferred individual, usually considered stronger and/or wiser. He considered it integral to human nature, seen to varying extents in all human beings and performed the biological function of protection (Bowlby, 1988: 22). can be affected when separated from a main attachment figure; especially if this happens involuntarily such as when a child is removed from their parents care (Aldgate, 2007: 64). Irrespective of their previous attachment experiences, they will find this frightening because â€Å"they do not know who to turn to help them return to a state of equilibrium† (Ibid.). This explains why children who have experienced abuse may still want to be with their parents, even if they are insecurely attached to them (Ibid.) and could illustrate why Sam was recently protesting that he wanted to go back to his real mother. Daniel (2006: 193) asserts children between the ages six months and four years are most vulnerable when separated from attachment figures because: â€Å"during these early years children lack the cognitive skills to comprehend the events leading to separation and this coupled with the propensity for magical thinking, means young children are highly likely to blame themselves for the loss†. Sam was adopted at four years old and although we know little about the circumstances with his birth parents, importantly his attachment bond was broken at this point. Aldgate (2007: 65) notes children who have lost attachment figures through entering the care system are at risk of further harm by insensitive responses to their attachment needs. Furthermore,   children beginning new placements with insecure attachment behaviour may test the parenting capacity of their carers (Ibid.) which could explain Sams recent deteriorating behaviour. Following two decades of research demonstrating that placement breakdown is an ongoing problem in the UK (Ibid.), practitioners working with this family should be especially careful to try to prevent this. Attachment theory differs from traditional psychoanalytic theories because it rejects the model of development proposing an individual passes through a series of stages, in which they may become fixated or regress (Bowlby, 1988: 135). Instead, this model sees the individual as progressing along one of many potential developmental pathways, some of which are or are not compatible with healthy development (Ibid.). Yet, the role of parents in shaping a childs personality has been critiqued by Harris (1999: xv; 359), who offers an alternative viewpoint in The Nurture Assumption and proposes it is experiences in childhood and adolescent peer groups that modify a childs personality in ways that will be carried forward to adulthood. Whats more, OConnor and Nilson (2007: 319) argue that amongst children in the foster care system, attachment is considered a powerful but diffuse source of behavioural and emotional problems. Almost any disruptive behaviour can be attributed to attachment diffic ulties in early relationships and the early experiences are often suggested as the only source of their problems, subsequently minimising the role of the current placement experiences (Ibid.). They contend following research demonstrating foster parents attachment and caregiving does influence the childs attachment to them, it is crucial that the impact of early attachment experiences on later development should not be considered independently of current caregiving environments (Ibid.: 320). Finally, providing that new attachment figures for children can respond to childrens attachment needs sensitively and are committed to handle any behaviour that may test their staying power, it is believed early patterns can be modified or discontinued (Aldgate, 2007: 66). Bronfenbrenners (1979) Ecology of Human Development looks beyond the impact of attachment to caregivers on development and offers much in terms of aiding our understanding of this families situation and behaviour. Bronfenbrenner (Ibid.: 3) developed his broader prospective to development, providing new conceptions of the developing person, the environment and the evolving interaction between them. He focussed on:   Ã‚   â€Å"the progressive accommodation, throughout the life span, between the growing human organism and the changing environments in which it actually lives and grows. The latter include not only the immediate settings containing the developing person but also the larger social contexts, both formal and informal, in which these settings are embedded†. (Bronfenbrenner, 1977: 513). According to Bronfenbrenner (1979.: 22), the ecological environment is comprised of a nested organisation of concentric structures with each one contained within the next. He labelled these the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem and each layer of a childs environment affects their development. When looking at the microsystem, the pattern of roles, interpersonal relations and activities experienced by the developing person in a given setting (Ibid.), there are ways this could have affected Sams development. For instance, within the family setting Jan has struggled to cope since the unexpected arrival of their baby, which subsequently could have affected Sams relationship with her. He now has to share his mothers attention with his sibling and may be feeling left out or jealous. Furthermore, the expense of IVF has resulted in Tony working more, rendering him absent from the household more frequently. This change may have influenced Sams relationship with Tony and he may be missing having his father around as in the past. Additionally, following his adoption, Dorothy felt uncertain whether to regard Sam as her real grandson, a tension which Sam may sensed himself. Bronfenbrenner   (Ibid.:7) also regarded the connections between other people in the setting of equal importance because of their indirect influence on the developing child through the effect they have on those who deal first hand with that person. Sams development could have been affected by strained relations between his parents as a result of Jan not receiving the support she needs from her husband due to his work commitments. Similarly, relations between Jan and Dorothy have become tense since the babys arrival with Jan expecting Dorothys assistance, which has not materialised. Beyond the microsystem, an exosystem refers to settings that the developing person is not involved in as an active participant but â€Å"in which events occur that affect, or are affected by, what happens in the setting containing the developing person† (Ibid.: 25). Bronfenbrenner (Ibid.) offered a childs parents place of work as an example and with the need for Tony to work as much as possible, a ny stresses he experiences in the work environment could impinge upon Sams development even though Sam spends no time in this setting himself.  Ã‚   This theory recognises everyone exists within a context influencing who they are and how they respond to situations in life (Phelan, 2004: online). Whilst   the building blocks in the environmental aspect of this theory were familiar concepts in the social and behavioural sciences, the way in which these entities relate to one another and to development was new (Bronfenbrenner, 1979: 8). Hence, before this theory, sociologists, psychologists and other specialists studied narrow aspects of childrens worlds (Brendtro, 2006: 163). However, Tudge et al.(2009: 6) evaluated the application of Bronfenbrenners theory in recently published work and found only 4 out of 25 papers claiming to be based on his theory had utilised it appropriately.   They contend if theory is to play an important role in developmental studies it must be applied correctly because:    â€Å"a failure to do so means that it has not been tested appropriately; data apparently supporting the theory do no such thing if the theory has been incorrectly described, and a misrepresented theory is impervious to attack from nonsupportive data† (Ibid.: 206).   Adoption is required when it is not possible for a child to return home, either because the parents are unable to care for them or change their lives in a way that would be safe for that child (Brent Council, 2010: online). Whilst we are uncertain of the circumstances leading to Sams adoption, we can speculate that the care provided by his birth parents was deficient. Infant brain research demonstrated that â€Å"if there is grossly inadequate care in infancy, the infants brain and other abilities that depend on brain development can be compromised† (Linke, 2000: online). The majority of the critical times for brain development occur before the age of six months and research indicated orphans adopted after this age made less progress than those adopted earlier (Ibid.). Furthermore, parts of the brain that regulate emotions and stress responses are organised early in a childs life and may not be changeable later (Ibid.). Subsequently, parts of the body and brain that respond to stress may become over sensitive and ready to respond to threat even when a threat is not manifest if the infant is continually exposed to trauma and stress (Ibid.). If Sam experienced   inadequate care in infancy it is possible that he has developed over sensitive stress responses and now regards the new baby as a threat, which could provide an explanation for his defiant behaviour and disinterest in his sibling. Pollak and the University of Wisconsin Child Emotion Lab are active in researching how early life experiences affect brain development (see Child Emotion Lab, 2009: online). However, he and his colleagues stress that not all children experiencing neglect develop the same problems (Wismer-Fries et al., 2005: 17239). In their work on the role of early social experience in subsequent brain development they found children experiencing lower hormonal reactivity may go on to develop satisfactory interpersonal relationships and highlighted potentially significant individual differences operating across the control group and the previously neglected group of children (Ibid.). Furthermore, other research led by Pollak has demonstrated how adjustable the brain can be when in the right environment (University of Wisconsin News, 2003: online). Their study of 5-6 year olds who lived in orphanages during their first seven to 41 months of life found that children performed better in many tests the longer they had lived with their adoptive families (Ibid.). Pollak (quoted in University of Wisconsin News, 2003: online) hopes these findings will encourage children to be placed in families rather than in institutional settings and â€Å"offer new avenues for designing more effective interventions that could help children who spent their early years in deprived environments reach their full potential†.  Ã‚   Jan Eriksons life cycle approach proposes at certain points in their lives, people encounter life crises creating a conflict within themselves as individuals and between themselves and other significant people in their lives (Gibson, 2007: 74). Each life crisis provides a conflict, characterised by a pull in different directions by two opposing dispositions, and if the individual achieves a favourable balance between these then they are as prepared as possible to move onto the next stage in the process (Ibid.). However, if one does not achieve this favourable ratio, this renders succeeding in subsequent life crises problematic (Ibid.). Generativity vs Stagnation is Eriksons seventh and penultimate stage of psychosocial development covering middle adulthood and generativity â€Å"is primarily the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation† (Erikson, 1965: 258) and represents the major conflict in adulthood (Slater, 2003: 57). As Slater (Ibid.) asserts, everybody has to face the crisis of parenthood whereby: â€Å"mmake a deliberate decision to become parents, but some become parents without conscious decision, others decide not to become parents, and still others want to become parents but cannot. The decision and its outcome provoke a crisis that calls for a re-examination of life roles†. Successfully achieving this sense of generativity is important for both the individual and society and parents demonstrate it through caring for their children (Slater, 2003: 57). A failure to achieve this leads to a feeling of stagnation and unproductivity (Heffner, 2001: online). Jan spent a long time trying to become a mother to fulfil this stage in Eriksons model and achieve a â€Å"favourable ratio† (Erikson, 1965: 262) of generativity over stagnation. After two years of trying to conceive, three unsuccessful attempts at IVF and two gruelling years of the adoption process, they adopted Sam and have since unexpectedly conceived naturally. However, as Erikson (Ibid.: 259) asserts â€Å" the mere fact of having or even wanting children does not achieve generativity†. Blyth (1999: 730) writing about assisted conception, importantly highlights parenthood after such efforts will not necessarily match expectations and Jans feelings of being a useless mother and finding mo therhood a struggle may be unexpected after trying for a family for such a long time. Furthermore, in this stage, the importance of adult mature dependency is implicitly inferred and suggests there are psychological rewards for those adults who can meet the needs of others and have other people dependent on them (Gibson, 2007: 83). Jan reports feeling unable to comfort her baby and meet their needs and this should be addressed by a social worker to prevent a â€Å"pervading sense of stagnation and impoverishment† (Erikson, 1965: 258) in this stage of the life cycle.   Slater (2003: 53) acknowledges Eriksons work, whilst grounded in psychoanalytic theory, rejects Freuds notion that personality is fixed by childhood experiences alone and provides an extension of the stages of development to cover adolescence, adulthood and old age. However, Rutter and Rutter (1993: 1-2) criticised theories such as Eriksons viewing psychological growth as a systematic progression through a series of stages in a predetermined order, through which everyone moves, taking them closer to maturity represented by adult functioning. This reliance on the universals of development and the notion of one developmental pathway has ignored individual differences (Ibid.). They   believe that whilst this theory made significant contributions to understanding the processes involved in development, Eriksons approach does not fit with what is known about socio-emotional development and â€Å"it is likely that children take a variety of paths, and adult outcomes cannot sensibly be re duced to mere differences in levels of maturity† (Ibid.: 2). Goffman (1963: preface- 3) employed the term stigma to refer to a deeply discrediting attribute of an individual that disqualifies them from full social acceptance. Their possession of this attribute that makes them different means they can be reduced in peoples minds from a whole person to a discounted and tainted one (Ibid.: 3). Furthermore, the wider societies standards mean the individual is aware of what others regard as their failing, which can inevitably cause them to believe they fall short of what they ought to be and subsequently shame becomes a central possibility (Ibid.: 7). His work offers insight into how Jan may be feeling about herself after being unable to conceive for such a long time because for many women, â€Å"infertility carries a hidden stigma born of shame and secrecy† (Whiteford Gonzales, 1995: 27). Involuntary childlessness can adversely affect an individuals relationships, their feelings about themselves and their ability to function, develop and pa rticipate in society â€Å"may be compromised by their inability to undertake conventional roles associated with parenting† (Blyth, 1999: 729-730). Whiteford Gonzalezs (Ibid.: 27-35) research on 25 women who sought medical treatment for infertility, demonstrated the hidden burden of infertility reflected in the stigma, pain and spoiled identities of those interviewed. The women in their sample experienced the consequences of their social identity and suffered because they had: â€Å"internalized the social norms expressed in dominant gender roles, and in so doing see themselves as defective. They suffer from being denied the opportunity proceed with their lives as others do† (Ibid.: 35). Goffman (1963: 9) believed the stigmatised person often responds to their situation by making an attempt to correct their failing. This is evident in Whiteford Gonzales (1995.: 35) study where the women attempted to remedy their problem and fix the broken part of them, giving all they could to become a   normal and whole person and remove the stigma of being infertile. Unfortunately, failure is the most likely outcome of infertility treatment (Blyth, 1999: 729-730), as experienced by Tony and Jan, who had three unsuccessful attempts at IVF before withdrawing from the programme. Moreover, Goffman (1963: 9) emphasised that where such a repair is possible, this does not necessarily lead to the acquisition of fully normal status. Instead â€Å"a transformation of self from someone with a particular blemish into someone with a record of having corrected a particular blemish† (Ibid.) occurs, which Jan, who has successfully overcome her infertility and become a mother may be experi encing. One significant criticism levelled at Goffmans theory is of the apparently helpless role attributed to individuals with stigmatic qualities (Carnevale, 2007: 12). Furthermore, Nettleton (2006: 96) reiterates the importance of recognising stigma is not an attribute of the individual but a â€Å"thoroughly social concept which is generated, sustained and reproduced in the context of social inequalities† instead. Nonetheless, Goffmans model remains dominant and highly respected and his representation of the social difficulties people with stigmatic qualities face is still considered highly valid (Carnevale, 2007: 12). Whilst attachment behaviour is especially evident in childhood, it also characterises people from cradle to the grave (Bowlby, 1977: 203). Furthermore, the capacity to form intimate emotional bonds in both the care giving and care seeking role is considered a principal feature of effective personality functioning and mental health (Bowlby, 1988: 121). Bowlby (1977.: 206) proposed there was a strong relationship between a persons experiences with their parents and their later ability to form affectional bonds and that: â€Å"common variations in that capacity, manifesting themselves in marital problems and trouble with children as well as in neurotic symptoms and personality disorders, can be attributed to certain common variations in the ways that parents perform their roles† (Ibid.). Subsequently, attachment theory advocates believe many forms of psychiatric disorders can be attributed to failure of the development of attachment behaviour (Bowlby, 1977: 201). This is supported by et als. (1996: 310) research which found insecure attachment appeared to impact upon self-esteem and self worth contingencies resulting in depressive symptoms in adulthood. Whilst we know little of Jans attachment behaviour as a child, her relationship with her mother is precarious at present and when looking at the symptoms that Jan is displaying they could infer she is experiencing postnatal depression. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was developed by Cox et al. (1987) to assist health care professionals recognise postnatal depression. Statements used to identify the condition include: â€Å"Things have been getting on top of me†; â€Å"I have been feeling sad or miserable†; â€Å"I have been anxious or worried for no good reason† and â€Å"I have blamed myself unnecessarily when things went wrong†, all of which could be applied to how Jan is feeling at present. Moreover, her constant low mood and feelings of inadequacy as a mother match some of the symptoms of postnatal depression described on NHS Directs (2008: online) website. Therefore, whilst this is only a tentative explanation of Jans feelings, it should be explored by the social worker working with this family.   Additionally, unresolved childhood attachment issues can leave adults vulnerable to experiencing difficulties in forming secure adult relationships (Evergreen Consultants in Human Behaviour, 2006: online). Attachment problems can be handed down transgenerationally unless the chain is broken and therefore, an insecurely attached adult may lack the ability to form a strong attachment with their own child (Ibid). Subsequently, uthis theory offers the possibility that poor formation of affectional bonds in Jans own childhood could explain why she is struggling to form an attachment bond with her own baby. Furthermore, new relations can be affected by expectations developed in previous relationships and there is a strong correlation between insecure adult attachment and marital dissatisfaction (Ibid.). This could offer an explanation for why Jan believes Tony does not provide the emotional support she requires. Nonetheless, whilst trauma experienced in the early years can be associated with problems in the long term, it should not be assumed this is disastrous for a childs physical, cognitive and emotional development and will automatically blight the rest of a their life (Daniel, 2006: 195). As Barth et al. (2005: 259) contend, while attachment problems may predispose a child towards later problems, these problems must be evaluated and treated within the context of their current environment. Social work practitioners providing appropriate interventions can make a long-term difference because adversity experienced in the early years can be compensated for and the worst effects ameliorated if support is given (Daniel, 2006: 195). Evidently, an understanding of human development theory provides more than an interesting background topic and is indispensable to good social work practice (and Thompson, 2008: 139). Whilst no theories providing insights into development are foolproof, in combination they have much to offer to a practitioners understanding of those they work with. Thus, it is imperative a social worker should consider biological, psychological and sociological approaches in order to carry out a full and holistic assessment of this familys needs. However,as Thompson and Thompson (Ibid.) assert, it is easy for practitioners to wrongly believe the knowledge base will offer off-the-peg, ready-made answers and simply apply theories to practice in a mechanical, blanket fashion. Therefore, it is important for skilled reflective practitioners to be competent at drawing out relevant aspects of the theory base and employ them in a way that is tailored to fit the situation instead (Ibid.). Moreover, as Thompson (2009: 63) emphasises, there is a danger that when looking at   development across the life course it can be used as a rigid framework that we expect everyone to fit into and then regard those who do not as abnormal or having a problem. Consequently, it must be recognised that this traditional approach taken to development across the the life course can be very oppressive and discriminate against those who do not conform to the trend (Ibid.). For this reason, the life course should be considered as a means of â€Å"beginning to understand common stages of development and is not a rigid framework for making judgements about abnormality† (Ibid.). To conclude, as Thompson and Thompson (2008: 99) remind us, understanding development is not making everyone fit into a stereotypical assumption about what is normal but rather to recognise there are significant patterns that underpin growth and development and to the attitudes and behaviours associated with thes e.