How Racism Takes 7 Different Forms

Racism refers to a variety of practices, beliefs, social relations, and phenomena that work to reproduce a racial hierarchy and social structure that yield  superiority, power, and privilege for some, and discrimination and oppression for others. It can take several forms, including representational, ideological, discursive, interactional, institutional, structural,  and systemic. Racism exists when ideas and assumptions about racial categories  are used to justify and reproduce a racial hierarchy and racially structured society that unjustly limits access to resources, rights, and privileges  on the basis of race. Racism also occurs when this kind of unjust social structure is produced by the  failure  to account for race and  its  historical  and contemporary roles in society. Contrary to a dictionary definition, racism, as defined based on social science research and theory,  is about much more than race-based prejudice—it exists when an imbalance in power and social status is generated by how we understand and act upon race. The 7 Forms of Racism Racism takes seven main forms, according to social science. Rarely does any one exist on its own. Instead, racism typically operates as a combination of at least two forms working together, simultaneously. Independently and together, these seven forms of racism work to reproduce racist ideas, racist interactions and behavior, racist practices and policies, and an overall racist social structure. Representational Racism Depictions of racial stereotypes are common in popular culture and media, like the historical tendency to cast people of color as criminals and as victims of crime rather than in other roles, or as background characters rather than as leads in film and television. Also common are racial caricatures that are racist in their representations, like â€Å"mascots† for the Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, and the Washington Redskins. The power of representational racism—or racism expressed in how racial groups are represented within popular culture—is that it encapsulates a whole range of racist ideas that imply inferiority, and often stupidity and untrustworthiness, in images that circulate society and permeate our culture. While those not directly harmed by representational racism might not take it seriously, the presence of such images and our interaction with them on a near-constant basis helps to keep alive the racist ideas attached to them. Ideological Racism Ideology is a word that sociologists use to refer to the world views, beliefs, and common sense ways of thinking that are normal in a society or culture. So, ideological racism is a kind of racism that colors and manifests in those things. It refers to world views, beliefs, and common sense ideas that are rooted in racial stereotypes and biases. A troubling example is the fact that many people in American society, regardless of their race, believe that  white and light skinned people are more intelligent than dark-skinned people and superior in a variety of other ways. Historically, this particular form of ideological racism supported and justified the building of European colonial empires and U.S. imperialism through the unjust acquisition of land, people, and resources around the world. Today, some common ideological forms of racism include the belief that Black women are sexually promiscuous, that Latina women are â€Å"fiery† or â€Å"hot-tempered,† and that black men and boys are criminally oriented. This form of racism has a negative impact on people of color as a whole because it works to deny them access to and/or success within education and the professional world, and subjects them to heightened police surveillance, harassment, and violence, among other negative outcomes. Discursive Racism Racism is often expressed linguistically, in the discourse we use to talk about the world and people in it. This kind of racism is expressed as racial slurs and hate speech, but also as code words that have racialized meanings embedded in them, like â€Å"ghetto,† â€Å"thug,† or â€Å"gangsta.† Just as representational racism communicates racist ideas through images, discursive racism communicates them through the actual words we use to describe people and places. Using words that rely on stereotypical racial differences to communicate explicit or implicit hierarchies perpetuates the racist inequalities that exist in society. Interactional Racism Racism often takes an interactional form, which means it is expressed in how we interact with each other. For example, a white or Asian woman walking on a sidewalk may cross the street to avoid passing closely by a black or Latino man because she is implicitly biased to see these men as potential threats. When a person of color is verbally or physically assaulted because of their race, this is interactional racism. When a neighbor calls the police to report a break-in because they do not recognize their black neighbor, or when someone automatically assumes that a person of color is a low-level employee or an assistant, though they might be a manager, executive, or owner of a business, this is interactional racism. Hate crimes are the most extreme manifestation of this form of racism. Interactional racism causes stress, anxiety, and emotional and physical harm to people of color on a daily basis. Institutional Racism Racism takes institutional form in the ways that policies and laws are crafted and put into practice through societys institutions, such as the decades-long set of policing and legal policies known as â€Å"The War on Drugs,† which has disproportionately targeted neighborhoods and communities that are composed predominantly of people of color. Other examples include New York City’s Stop-N-Frisk policy that overwhelmingly targets black and Latino males,  the practice among real estate agents and mortgage lenders of not allowing people of color to own property in certain neighborhoods and that force them to accept less desirable mortgage rates, and educational tracking policies that funnel children of color into remedial classes and trades programs. Institutional racism preserves and fuels the racial gaps in wealth, education, and social status, and serves to perpetuate white supremacy and privilege. Structural Racism Structural racism refers to the ongoing, historical, and long-term reproduction of the racialized structure of our society through a combination of all of the above forms. Structural racism manifests in widespread  racial segregation and stratification on the basis of education, income, and wealth, the recurrent displacement of people of color from neighborhoods that go through processes of gentrification, and the overwhelming burden of environmental pollution borne by people of color given its proximity to their communities. Structural racism results in large-scale, society-wide inequalities on the basis of race. Systemic Racism Many sociologists describe racism in the U.S. as systemic because the country was founded on racist beliefs that created racist policies and practices, and because that legacy lives today in the racism that courses throughout the entirety of our social system. This means that racism was built into the very foundation of our society, and because of this, it has influenced the development of social institutions, laws, policies, beliefs, media representations, and behaviors and interactions, among many other things. By this definition, the system itself is racist, so effectively addressing racism requires a system-wide approach that leaves nothing unexamined. Racism in Sum Sociologists observe a variety of styles or types of racism within these seven different forms. Some may be overtly racist, like the use of racial slurs or hate speech, or policies that intentionally discriminate against people on the basis of race. Others may be covert, kept to oneself, hidden from public view, or obscured by color-blind policies that purport to be race-neutral, though they have racist impacts. While something may not appear obviously racist at first glance, it may, in fact, prove to be racist when one examines the implications of it through a sociological lens. If it relies on stereotypical notions of race and reproduces a racially structured society, then it is racist. Due to the sensitive nature of race as a topic of conversation in American society, some have come to think that simply noticing race, or identifying or describing someone using race, is racist. Sociologists do not agree with this. In fact, many sociologists, race scholars, and anti-racist activists emphasize the importance of recognizing and accounting for race and racism as necessary in the pursuit of social, economic, and political justice.

Human Trafficking - 1276 Words

Mrs.Lemere English III 1 May 2012 The Secret Life of Human Trafficking Debbie s story is particularly chilling. One evening Debbie said she got a call from a casual friend, Bianca, who asked to stop by Debbie s house. Debbie went outside to meet Bianca, who drove up in a Cadillac with two older men, Mark and Matthew. So I went and I started to go give her a hug, Debbie told Primetime. And that s when she pushed me in the car. As they sped away from her house, Debbie said that one of the men told Bianca to tie her up and said he threatened to shoot Bianca if she did not comply. Unbelievably, police say Debbie was kidnap from her own driveway with her mother, Kerstin, right inside. Back home with her other kids, Kerstin had†¦show more content†¦We are saying that it is all right to abduct a young boy from his family and force him to be in the military just because a regime has the power to do it. Since trafficking is a very lucrative business, poorer nations allow it to happen to support their armies and their pleasures. The age Ranges for both Genders (ChartsBin.Web.15 May 2012.) What is the Blue Heart Campaign? | | | The blue heart stands for the sadness of those who are trafficked, that cold-heartedness of those who buy and sell fellow human beings. The use of the blue UN color also demonstrates the commitment of the United Nations to fighting against this horrible epidemic. In the same way that the red ribbon has become the international symbol of HIV/AIDS awareness, this campaign aims to make the Blue Heart into an international symbol against human trafficking. By wearing â€Å"the Blue Heart you will raise awareness of human trafficking and join the campaign to fight this crime†. Human trafficking is a crime that strips people of their rights, ruins their dreams, and robs them of their dignity. A crime shames us all. Human trafficking is a global problem and no country is immune. Millions of victims entrapped and exploited every year in this modern form of slavery. To rally world public opinion against human trafficking, UNODC has launched the Blue Heart Campaign. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1061 Words   |  5 Pagesare approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Unfortunately due to trafficking being a fast growing crime it is very difficult to identify and locate these organizations and victims. Although there are many groups created to support victims, not enough awareness is being made and not enough action is being applied to stop human trafficking. Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking that has been a worldwide issue since ancient times, but regularly forgotten, due to it beingRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking930 Words   |  4 Pagesman. Regardless of the reasons, there are nearly 30 million victims of human trafficking globally. There are more slaves now than ever before. Trafficking of persons is not a subject that should be ignored or tak en lightly. In order to fully understand the enormity of this crisis, we will examine the root causes, facts, and the impact of human trafficking throughout the world. There are several factors to why human trafficking exists: poverty, governmental instability, natural disasters, addictionRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking3494 Words   |  14 Pagesended, never to return, they go back and sneak into our communities in severe forms by human trafficking crimes. When humanity eliminated the phenomenon of human slavery, it returned in different pictures and forms, combining them enslaving people, through the recruitment, transportation, transfer of people by force and threat, and using and exploiting them in different ways. Among the victims of human trafficking crimes, there are those who are subjected to sexual exploitation, labor exploitationRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Trafficking901 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Smuggling and trafficking continues to be a worldwide plague that has been, thus far been largely ignored by the international community. The paramount reason human trafficking and smuggling has festered and grown roots and spread globally. It started as a grassroots effort on the local level where women and girls (it affects boys as well) would be used and sold for sex. Eventually, greed and corruption tagged along for the ride and at that point the crimes became an organized enterprise. AtRead MoreThe Human Of Human Trafficking Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1865, the practice of it is still very alive today. Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the buying and selling of people, whether it s for forced labor or commercial sex. Every year, thousands of adults and childre n, especially girls, are forced into the endless trafficking ring. â€Å"The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally† (â€Å"The Facts†). The human trafficking industry is a worldwide network that is worth an estimatedRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking Essay1752 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals forRead MoreHuman Trafficking1355 Words   |  6 PagesRigdon November 16, 2014 Human Trafficking and its Dire Effects. Human Trafficking in the United States is something not a lot of people discuss. Most think it is only something that happens in third world countries, but in fact could be happening in their hometown. According to Protocol to Prevent, Subdue and Punish Trafficking in Persons, human trafficking in the modern world entails transfer of persons by use of applied force. Other methods used to enforce the trafficking include use of deceptionRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Sex Trafficking1850 Words   |  8 Pagesof human sex trafficking come to one s mind. The United States of America is not immune to this type of horrific behavior. America is the land of the free and yet something as awful as human sex trafficking occurs in our very own backyard each and everyday. According to the Department of Homeland Security the definition of human trafficking is â€Å"modern day slavery that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act† (â€Å"What Is Human Trafficking?†)Read MoreSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. â€Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a year† (Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, it

Prison Term Policy Free Essays

Darrell Cook In the criminal Justice field, laws has been set and made to ensure the safety and the protection of the citizen of today. When criminals commit a crime they will be punish and will be prosecuted under the law of the crime that they have committed. When it comes to police policy, it is written to assist the courts in the sentencing, depending on the type of crime that was made. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Term Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every year the prison policies are changed, criminals that are convicted of a crime may face a longer sentence than a arson that is currently in prison for the same crime, because of the prison policies have changed. Therefore, the prison policy for convicted felonies is being reviewed by the state legislature and must be voted on, so that the bill can be passed. As a criminologist, I have done my research on arm robberies and robberies occurs when someone property is taken by force; meaning when an armed robbery is using some type of weapon to take possession of something from someone. According to my research, Armed Robberies isn’t Just taking something from someone that doesn’t along to you; its more than that, it’s a violent offense when someone is using a firearm or some other type of weapon. When a weapon is including in an arm robbery, it is viewed a more seriousness crime, even when a person is using a fake weapon they still will be charged as an armed robbery. So in my opinion, my recommendation would be to double the maximum prison term for repeat offenders. As first time offenders I don’t believed it should be double Max prison term, because in today society you have young teens that are committing arm robberies. When it moms to the young teens, there has to be a question to why they are committing such felony like this. The teens of today are committing these crimes because they are trying to keep up with the latest foot wear and clothes, because their parent’s can’t afford it. But I do believe and recommend that if these teens continue to commit these crimes over and over that they also can receive the Max prison term, like they say â€Å"if you can do the crime you can do the time†. In each state the length of sentence is different for a person that commits and convicted of arm robbery. As the criminologist, this bill going to be voted on rather to double the maximum prison term for anyone that is convicted of robbery. I think it will be a good ideal for the legislature official to review the statistics of armed robberies and the ages of the convicted felonies that commit these violent crimes. Also compare all other normal robberies that are not violent crimes. I also think that citizens of the community should be able to speak about this bill and see what they have to say about this bill being passed. Www. mygeorgiadefenselawyer. Com/Georgia-criminal-offenses†¦ /robbery How to cite Prison Term Policy, Papers

Consumer Engagement in Brand Community †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Engagement in Brand Community. Answer: Introduction: From visiting Cradle Mountain Lodge, the management of the organization is being identified. According to the gathered information, Mike Blank is the general manager of the organization. Under this leadership, flat and horizontal organizational structure is being followed. This helps them in having effective communication process between the management structures (Cradlemountainlodge.com.au, 2018). It is identified that a total of 5 members are working as executives in under the general manager. Each of the executives is responsible for respective departments, sales and marketing, operations, accounts, Human resources and IT. Under these executives, employees in the respective departments are working. This is ensuring the effective and proper communication channel between the employees and the higher level management (Tran Tian, 2013). Cradle Mountain Lodge is having effective strategies of enhancing the customer experiences. One of the major strategies is the effective determination of the customer requirements (Lemon Verhoef, 2016). This is due to the reason that, Cradle Mountain Lodge caters to different sections of the customers with having different requirements and preference pattern. Thus, having effective customer segmentation helps them to determine the diverse requirements and offering the services accordingly. During the visit, it is also being seen that, they initiates the strategy of differentiated service offerings. Initiation of the differentiated service strategy is helping Cradle Mountain Lodge in creating distinctive image in the market. In addition, offering differentiated service approach enhances the service experience of the customers. For instance, it is seen that the cuisines and beverages offered by Cradle Mountain Lodge are different from the offerings of their competitor organizations. It is seen that cuisines of Cradle Mountain Lodge are different from other rival hotels in terms of taste, flavor and origin (Cradlemountainlodge.com.au, 2018). Their foods are spicier compared to light and less spicy food offerings by other lodges. This is creating distinctive image among the customers and the customers are experiencing a different scenario in Cradle Mountain Lodge. Another strategy of them being identified is the initiation of the strategy of co-creation with the customers. With the help of this strategy, customers are given the options to have customized services according to their choices and preferences. They are motivated to take part in the process of service delivery and gain the experience of the entire process. For instance, it is identified that customers are engaged in the cooking process of the authentic cuisines sourced from different regions around the world. This is enhancing the level of customer satisfaction. In addition, customers are also gaining the experiences of how different cuisines are being cooked in the entire process of service delivery. Cradle Mountain Lodge initiates different activities in relation to the community relationship. One of the major activities being identified is the empowerment activities for the local communities. This includes employing the local women as tour guide for the visitors and initiating the concept of the home staying in the local villages (Cradlemountainlodge.com.au, 2018). This is having dual advantage of Cradle Mountain Lodge due to the reason that they will be able to enhance the level of customer satisfaction by offering them the authentic environment of the village life. On the other hand it is also empowering the local community by increasing the employment opportunities among the local communities (Brodie et al., 2013). It is identified that Cradle Mountain Lodge is having the license of tourism department of Australia and they accredited tourism business of the Australia. They are also HALAL certified in terms of their food and beverage offerings. Governance of Cradle Mountain Lodge is being seen by the board of directors. This board of directors is responsible for the daily activities and operations of the business. The target market of Cradle Mountain Lodge is mainly the upper class and upper middle class section of the society. Only these sections of the society are being considered due to the reason that the room accommodation along their varieties are being designed by keeping in mind the requirements of the upper section of the society. In accordance to that, the most affordable room accommodation is also offering added facilities such as mini bar. On the other hand, the cost and price of the accommodations are also in the higher side, which will only attract the higher section of the society (Cross, Belich Rudelius, 2015). In accordance to their target market, they follow niche marketing approach in marketing their services to the potential customers. The first impression from the visit can be terms positive and favorable. This is due to the reason that from welcoming the guest to giving farewell is being implemented in a sequential manner. It is identified that the first impression was made favorable at the very first stage when a welcome drink was offered. It will have positive impression and will create a positive environment for the visitors in the initial stage of visiting. Afterwards, the cuisines, accommodations, service delivery and added activities are also contributed in creating a positive impression among the visitors. Post visit analysis concludes that there are negligible differences between the expectation and actual experiences. One of the major differences is the review in the trip advisor. Some of the reviews stated that Cradle mountain lodge is providing the best accommodation in the entire Tasmanian region. However, this is not true and the actual experience identified that though the accommodation of Cradle mountain lodge is having highest standard and offers favorable services, but they cannot be considered as the best. Conclusion Thus, it is concluded that Cradle mountain lodge is having positive service delivery process and their diverse service offerings are helping in enhancing in the level of satisfaction of the visitors. In addition, it is also identified in this report that Cradle mountain lodge also initiates in empowerment of the communities and it is reflecting in the positive reviews in the online portals and positive brand value of them. Reference Brodie, R. J., Ilic, A., Juric, B., Hollebeek, L. (2013). Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis.Journal of Business Research,66(1), 105-114. Cradlemountainlodge.com.au. (2018).Cradlemountainlodge.com.au. Retrieved 28 March 2018, from https://www.cradlemountainlodge.com.au/about-the-lodge/history/ Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: An exploratory study. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer, Cham. Lemon, K. N., Verhoef, P. C. (2016). Understanding customer experience throughout the customer journey.Journal of Marketing,80(6), 69-96. Tran, Q., Tian, Y. (2013). Organizational structure: Influencing factors and impact on a firm.American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,3(2), 229.